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Federal Constitution, Sources for Analysis and Interpretation: 16th - 19th Amendments

A guide to resources to better understand the federal Constitution

16th-19th Amendment Primary Sources

The Congressional Record is a largely verbatim official record of Congressional proceedings, debates and floor statements as well as legislation, reports and other measures.  The Congressional Record was first published in 1873 and remains an official record of congressional activities.  A daily edition is published, but the permanent "bound" version is typically cited to when possible.

17th Amendment Books

18th Amendment Primary Source Compilations

18th Amendment Books

16th Amendment's Passage Timeline

  • July 5, 1909: Passed in Senate. 
  • July 12, 1909: Passed in House
  • February 3, 1913: Ratified by states

17th Amendment's Passage Timeline

  • April 13, 1911: Passed in House.
  • June 12, 1911: Amended and passed in Senate
  • May 13, 1912: House concurred with Senate amendment
  • April 8, 1913: Ratified by states

18th Amendment's Passage Timeline

  • August 1, 1917: Passed in Senate
  • December 17, 1917: Amended and passed in House
  • December 18, 1917: Senate concurs with House amendment
  • January 16, 1919: Ratified by states

19th Amendment's Passage Timeline

  • May 21, 1919: Passed in House
  • June 4, 1919: Passed in Senate
  • August 18, 1920: Ratified by states